Long-term consequences of osteoporosis therapy with bisphosphonates

ABSTRACT Bisphosphonates (BPs) are medications widely used in clinical practice to treat osteoporosis and reduce fragility fractures. Its beneficial effects on bone tissue have been consolidated in the literature for the last decades. They have a high affinity for bone hydroxyapatite crystals, and most bisphosphonates remain on the bone surface for a long period of time. Benefits of long-term use of BPs: Large and important trials (Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension and Health Outcomes and Reduced Incidence with Zoledronic acid Once Yearly-Pivotal Fracture Trial) with extended use of alendronate (up to 10 years) and zoledronate (up to 6 years) evidenced significant gain of bone mineral density (BMD) and vertebral fracture risk reduction. Risks of long-term use of BPs: The extended use of antiresorptive therapy has drawn attention to two extremely rare, although severe, adverse events. That is, atypical femoral fracture and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw are more common in patients with high cumulative doses and longer duration of therapy. BPs have demonstrated safety and effectiveness throughout the years and evidenced increased BMD and reduced fracture risks, resulting in reduced morbimortality, and improved quality of life. These benefits overweight the risks of rare adverse events.

Treatment with a proximal femoral locking plate versus a proximal femoral anti-rotation intramedullary nail for femoral intertrochanteric fractures in older adult patients / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of a proximal femoral locking plate (LPFP) versus a proximal femoral anti-rotation intramedullary nail (PFNA) in the treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fractures in older adult patients. Methods:A total of 130 older adult patients with femoral intertrochanteric fractures who received treatment in Linghu People's Hospital of Huzhou from May 2017 to June 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo treatment with either a PFNA (observation group, n = 65) or an LPFP (control group, n = 65). Intraoperative blood loss, incision length, operative time, and time to fracture healing were determined in each group. At 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery, the Harris hip score was used to evaluate hip joint recovery. Coxa vara, incision infection, and internal fixation loosening were compared between the two groups. Results:Intraoperative blood loss in the observation group was less than that in the control group [(189.26 ± 48.15) mL vs. (96.47 ± 40.21) mL, t = -11.93, P < 0.001]. Incision length, operative time, and time to fracture healing in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group [(4.03 ± 1.48) cm vs. (12.16 ± 1.55) cm, (72.13 ± 28.75) minutes vs. (120.34 ± 29.01) minutes, (9.89 ± 1.52) weeks vs. (13.63 ± 1.74) weeks, t = -30.59, -9.52, -13.05, all P < 0.001]. At 1 month after surgery, there was no significant difference in Harris hip score between the two groups ( t = 1.28, P > 0.05). At 3 and 6 months after surgery, the Harris hip score gradually increased in the control and observation groups ( F = 13.44, 8.26, both P < 0.001). At 3 and 6 months after surgery, Harris hip scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group [(85.17 ± 4.29) points vs. (79.50 ± 4.12) points, (95.30 ± 1.04) points vs. (87.69 ± 1.25) points, t = 7.69, 37.73, both P < 0.001]. The incidence of complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [1.54% (1/65) vs. 10.77% (7/65), χ2 = 4.80, P = 0.029). Conclusion:Compared with LPFP, PFNA can effectively reduce intraoperative blood loss in older adult patients with femoral intertrochanteric fractures, accelerate the progress of fracture healing, promote the recovery of the hip joint, and has fewer complications. Therefore, PFNA is worthy of popularization.

Peri-implant femoral fractures: Challenges, outcomes, and proposal of a treatment algorithm / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Non-prosthetic peri-implant fractures are challenging injuries. Multiple factors must be carefully evaluated for an adequate therapeutic strategy, such as the state of bone healing, the type of implant, the time and performed personnel of previous surgery, and the stability of fixation. The aim of this study is to propose a rationale for the treatment.@*METHODS@#The peri-implant femoral fractures (PIFFs) system, a therapeutic algorithm was developed for the management of all patients presenting a subtype A PIFF, based on the type of the original implant (extra- vs. intra-medullary), implant length and fracture location. The adequacy and reliability of the proposed algorithm and the fracture healing process were assessed at the last clinical follow-up using the Parker mobility score and radiological assessment, respectively. In addition, all complications were noticed. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, or median and range according to their distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages.@*RESULTS@#This is a retrospective case series of 33 PIFFs, and the mean post-operative Parker mobility score was (5.60 ± 2.54) points. Five patients (15.1%) achieved complete mobility without aids (9 points) and 1 (3.0%) patient was not able to walk. Two other patients (6.1%) were non-ambulatory prior to PPIF. The mean follow-up was (21.51 ± 9.12) months (range 6 - 48 months). There were 7 (21.2%) complications equally distributed between patients managed either with nailing or plating. There were no cases of nonunion or mechanical failure of the original implant.@*CONCLUSION@#The proposed treatment algorithm shows adequate, reliable and straightforward to assist the orthopaedic trauma surgeon on the difficult decision-making process regarding the management of PIFF occurring in previously healed fractures. In addition, it may become a useful tool to optimize the use of the classification, thus potentially improving the outcomes and minimizing complications.

Comparison of clinical effects of minimally invasive femoral head replacement and proximal femoral nail antirotation in the treatment of comminuted intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the clinical effect of minimally invasive femoral head replacement and proximal femoral nail antirotation(PFNA) internal fixation at the same time in the treatment of elderly patients with comminuted intertrochanteric fracture.@*METHODS@#From April 2020 to October 2020, 76 elderly patients with comminuted intertrochanteric fracture treated by minimally invasive femoral head replacement and PFNA were analyzed retrospectively. There were 35 patients in the prosthetic group, including 24 females and 11 males with an average age of (86.2±6.1) years old. There were 41 patients in PFNA group including 28 females and 13 males with an average age of (84.6±5.3) years old. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative ambulation time, hospitalization time and complications were observed and compared between two groups. Harris hip score was performed at 1, 6 and 12 months after operation.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 13 to 17 months with an average of (14.3±1.4) months. The operation time of the prosthesis group was longer than that of the PFNA group (P<0.05);the amount of bleeding in PFNA group was less than that in prosthesis group (P>0.05);the time of ambulation in prosthetic group was earlier than that in PFNA group(P<0.05);the number of complications in the prosthesis group was less than that in the PFNA group(P<0.05); the Harris score of prosthesis group was significantly higher than that of PFNA group at 1 and 6 months after operation (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in Harris score between two groups at 12 months after operation(P>0.05);the number of complications in the prosthesis group was less than that in the PFNA group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Minimally invasive femoral head replacement is a good choice for the elderly patients with commuited intertrochanteric fracture. It can improve the quality of life and reduce the burden of family members and society.

Relation of femur fractures location with clinical outcomes in elderly patients / Relação da localização das fraturas de fêmur com desfechos clínicos em pacientes idosos

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the possible relationship between the anatomical location of the PFF (head-neck fractures) and the demographic features, comorbidities, and risk factors of elderly patients. Methods: 233 patients aged 65 years and over, who were admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of proximal femur fracture were included in this study. Results: Most patients (59.6%) had a trochanteric fracture. The incidence of trochanteric fractures had a statistically significant positive correlation with age. Falls at ground level were found to be highly associated with trochanteric fractures (92,8%). At least one complication was observed in 57 (41,0%) cases and 31 (22,3%) died in one year, of the patients with trochanteric fractures. Comorbidity was not related to fracture location statistically. Fall ground level (p = 0.013), complication rate (73.7%; p <0.001), and Charlesen comorbidity index (p = 0.019) were statistically significantly associated with death. The logistic regression analysis of variables determined that only the quantity of comorbidities may be related to femoral neck fractures (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Female patients with trochanteric fractures were found to be older than male patients. Fall ground level, mortality, and complications were more frequently seen in patients with trochanteric fractures. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective study.

RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo foi desenhado para investigar a possível relação entre a localização anatômica da PFP (fraturas de cabeça e pescoço) e as características demográficas, comorbidades e fatores de risco de pacientes idosos. Métodos: Foram incluídos 233 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, admitidos no pronto-socorro com diagnóstico de fratura do fêmur proximal. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes (59,6%) apresentou fratura trocantérica. A incidência de fraturas trocanterianas apresentou correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa com a idade. Verificou-se que as quedas no nível do solo estão altamente associadas às fraturas trocantéricas (92,8%). Pelo menos uma complicação foi observada em 57 (41%) casos e 31 (22,3%) morreram em um ano, dos pacientes com fraturas trocantéricas. A comoborbidade não foi realizada estatisticamente com a localização da fratura. Queda do nível do solo (p = 0,013), taxa de complicações (73,7%; p < 0,001), índice de comorbidade charlesen (p = 0,019) foram estatisticamente significativamente associados à morte. Na análise de regressão logística das variáveis, determinou-se que apenas a quantidade de comorbidades pode estar relacionada às fraturas do colo do fêmur (p = 0,047). Conclusão: Pacientes do sexo feminino com fraturas trocantéricas foram consideradas mais velhas do que pacientes do sexo masculino. Queda no nível do solo, mortalidade e complicações foram observadas com mais frequência em pacientes com fraturas trocantéricas. Nível de evidência II, Estudo retrospectivo.

Radiographic Characteristics of the Femoral Nutrient Artery Canals in Total Hip Arthroplasty using Cementless Femoral Stem

@#Introduction: Accurate diagnosis of undisplaced periprosthetic femoral fracture (PFF) after hip arthroplasty is crucial, as overlooked PFF may affect its treatment and prognosis. The undisplaced PFF is often difficult to distinguish from radiolucent lines of nutrient artery canal (NAC) of the femur present on post-operative radiographs. We aimed to identify the radiographic features of NAC to distinguish them from PFFs. Materials and methods: In this retrospective radiological study, a total of 242 cases in 215 patients with hip arthroplasty were analysed using pre-operative and postoperative anteroposterior (AP) and translateral (TL) radiographs. Interobserver agreement of the measurements was assessed by two independent experienced orthopaedic surgeons. The kappa value ranged from 0.83 to 0.87, indicating strong agreement according to the Landis and Koch criteria. Results: The NACs were found pre-operatively in 94 (39.8%) cases on AP views and in 122 cases (50.4%) on TL views. The radiolucent lines were observed post-operatively in 42 (17.4%) on AP views and 122 (50.4%) on the TL views. three cases (1.2%) had a fracture around the stem that were detected on radiographs. One case with PFF presented simultaneously with NAC on the immediate post-operative radiographs. All patients were treated by conservative measures, and the radiolucent lines did not appear on followup radiographs. Conclusion: It is not easy to differentiate undisplaced PFFs that can occur after hip arthroplasty operation from NACs. However, accurate diagnosis is possible through careful observation and comparison of pre-operative and postoperative radiologic images

Persistent bilateral atypical femoral fractures in an antiresorptive-naïve Singaporean Chinese patient with Graves’ Disease / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are rare adverse effects of bisphosphonate therapy. We report an unusual case of bilateral diaphyseal AFFs in an antiresorptive-naïve Singaporean Chinese female with Graves’ disease. She presented with complete right AFF requiring surgical fixation, and persistent left incomplete AFF for over four years. Femoral bowing, varus femoral geometry, and ethnic influence likely contributed to the AFFs’ formation. This case may provide insights into the pathogenesis of AFFs in high-risk Asian populations.

Lesiones ligamentarias de rodilla asociadas a fracturas de diáfisis femoral: epidemiología y diagnóstico: revisión narrativa de la bibliografía / Knee ligamentous injury associated to femoral shatf fracture: epidemiology and diagnosis: narrative review of the literatur / Lesões ligamentares do joelho associadas a fraturas diafisárias do fêmur: epidemiologia e diagnóstico: revisão narrativa da literatura

Introducción: Las fracturas de la diáfisis femoral son lesiones que requieren gran energía y a menudo asocian otras lesiones. Este es el caso de las lesiones ligamentarias de rodilla, las cuales pueden pasar desapercibidas por el equipo médico tratante. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es revisar la literatura existente sobre esta asociación lesional. Dentro de la misma se buscará la metodología diagnóstica utilizada y la incidencia de las lesiones ligamentarias. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de forma sistematizada a través de los portales de búsqueda PubMed y Timbó. La búsqueda alcanzó un total de 3099 artículos y de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se seleccionaron 15 trabajos. Resultados: Los diferentes artículos utilizaron examen físico bajo anestesia, radiografías en estrés, artroscopía o resonancia nuclear magnética para establecer el diagnóstico de las lesiones ligamentarias asociadas a las fracturas de diáfisis femoral. Un 22,5% de las fracturas femorales asoció lesión ligamentaria de rodilla, siendo la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior el 34% de las lesiones reportadas. Discusión: Se evidencia una gran variabilidad en la incidencia de lesiones ligamentarias y de cuál es el ligamento más frecuentemente lesionado, yendo desde 5,3% a 52,5% en estudios tanto retrospectivos como prospectivos con bajos números de pacientes. Se plantea un algoritmo diagnóstico para los pacientes que puedan presentar esta asociación lesional, para evitar que los mismos pasen desapercibidos al equipo médico tratante. Logrando un diagnóstico precoz se puede mejorar el pronóstico de estos pacientes. Conclusión: De nuestra revisión se desprende que en el contexto de una fractura de diáfisis femoral un 22,5% de los pacientes presenta lesiones ligamentarias de rodilla con un 34% de compromiso del LCA. Sin embargo, estas cifras son muy variables en los distintos trabajos. Por esta razón, creemos necesario llevar a cabo un estudio prospectivo con mayor número de pacientes para lograr valorar la verdadera epidemiología de estas lesiones.

Introduction: Femoral shaft fractures require great energy and are often associated with other injuries. This is the case of knee ligament injuries, which can go unnoticed by the treating physician The objective of our work is to review the existing literature on this injury association. Within it, the diagnostic methodology used and the incidence of ligamentous injuries will be sought. Materials and methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in a systematic way through the search portals PubMed and Timbó. The search reached a total of 3099 articles and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 works were selected. Results: The different articles used physical examination under anesthesia, stress radiographs, arthroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging to establish the diagnosis of ligamentous injuries associated with femoral diaphysis fractures. 22.5% of femoral fractures were associated with knee ligament injury, with anterior cruciate ligament accounting for 34% of reported injuries. Discussion: There is evidence of a great variability in the incidence of ligament injuries and which is the most frequently injured ligament, ranging from 5.3% to 52.5% in both retrospective and prospective studies with low numbers of patients. A diagnostic algorithm is proposed for patients who may present this lesional association, to prevent them from going unnoticed by the treating medical team. Achieving an early diagnosis can improve the prognosis of these patients. Conclusion: Our review shows that in the context of a femoral diaphysis fracture, 22.5% of patients present knee ligament injuries with 34% of ACL involvement. However, these figures are highly variable in the different studies. For this reason, we believe it is necessary to carry out a prospective study with a larger number of patients in order to assess the true epidemiology of these lesions.

Introdução: As fraturas da diáfise do fêmur são lesões que requerem grande energia e muitas vezes estão associadas a outras lesões. É o caso das lesões ligamentares do joelho, que podem passar despercebidas pela equipe médica que o trata. O objetivo do nosso trabalho é revisar a literatura existente sobre essa associação lesional. Dentro dele, será buscada a metodologia diagnóstica utilizada e a incidência de lesões ligamentares. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica de forma sistemática através dos portais de busca PubMed e Timbó. A busca atingiu um total de 3099 artigos e de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 15 trabalhos foram selecionados. Resultados: Os diferentes artigos utilizaram o exame físico sob anestesia, radiografias de estresse, artroscopia ou ressonância magnética para estabelecer o diagnóstico de lesões ligamentares associadas às fraturas da diáfise do fêmur. 22,5% das fraturas do fêmur foram associadas à lesão ligamentar do joelho, sendo a lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior responsável por 34% das lesões relatadas. Discussão: Há evidências de uma grande variabilidade na incidência de lesões ligamentares e qual é o ligamento mais frequentemente lesado, variando de 5,3% a 52,5% em estudos retrospectivos e prospectivos com baixo número de pacientes. Um algoritmo diagnóstico é proposto para os pacientes que podem apresentar essa associação lesional, para evitar que passem despercebidos pela equipe médica responsável. O diagnóstico precoce pode melhorar o prognóstico desses pacientes. Conclusão: Nossa revisão mostra que no contexto de fratura da diáfise do fêmur, 22,5% dos pacientes apresentam lesões ligamentares do joelho com 34% de envolvimento do LCA. No entanto, esses números são altamente variáveis ​​nos diferentes estudos. Por esse motivo, acreditamos ser necessário realizar um estudo prospectivo com um número maior de pacientes para avaliar a verdadeira epidemiologia dessas lesões.

Research of Building 3D Model in External Fixator for Proximal Femoral Fracture Based on Locking Plate Shape / 中国医疗器械杂志

The software of 3D-Modeling(UG NX 10.0) was used to design a new external fixator model for proximal femoral fracture, and fresh femoral cadaver specimens were used to simulate experimental operation. The results showed that the external fixator designed with the proximal femoral locking plate shape can improve the accuracy of Kirschner wire penetration into the femoral neck, reduce fluoroscopic and soft tissue incision injuries, and make a good stability and is easy to operate, which has a certain value for patients with proximal femoral fracture, such as intolerant surgery and poor physical condition.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction and Extra-Articular Tenodesis in a Contralateral Above-Knee Amputee Following Complex Trauma: A Case Report

@#We report the outcome following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction combined with a Modified LeMaire procedure in a patient who underwent multiple surgeries following an open ipsilateral femoral fracture and an above knee amputation of the contralateral limb at the time of initial trauma. This case highlights the importance of achieving ligamental stability in the contra-lateral limb in aiding proper rehabilitation following amputation and the potential pitfalls of retrograde femoral nailing.

Can Paediatric Femoral Fracture Hip Spica Application be Done in the Outpatient Setting?

@#children with femur fractures. This study compares the outcomes of spica cast application, in terms of quality of fracture reduction and hospital charges when performed in operating theatre versus outpatient clinics at a local institution. Materials and Methods: A total of 93 paediatric patients, aged between 2 months to 8 years, who underwent spica casting for an isolated femur fracture between January 2008 and March 2019, were identified retrospectively. They were separated into inpatient or outpatient cohort based on the location of spica cast application. Five patients with metaphyseal fractures and four with un-displaced fractures were excluded. There were 13 and 71 patients in the outpatient and inpatient cohort respectively who underwent spica casting for their diaphyseal and displaced femur fractures. Variables between cohorts were compared. Results: There were no significant differences in gender, fracture pattern, and mechanism of injury between cohorts. Spica casting as inpatients delayed the time from assessment to casting (23.55 ± 29.67h vs. 6.75 ± 4.27h, p<0.05), increased average hospital stay (41.2 ± 31.1h vs. 19.2 ± 15.0h, p<0.05) and average hospital charges (US$1857.14 vs US$775.49, p<0.05). Excluding the un-displaced fractures, there were no significant differences in the period of cast immobilisation and median follow-up length. Both cohorts had a similar proportion of unacceptable reduction and revision casting rate. Conclusion: Both cohorts presented similar spica casting outcomes of fracture reduction and follow-up period. With spica cast application in operating theatre reporting higher hospital charges and prolonged hospital stay, the outpatient clinic should always be considered for hip spica application.

Two cases of atypical femoral fracture in cancer patients administered with bone-modifying agents / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: We report two cases of atypical femoral fracture (AFF) in patients with cancer.Patients: Two patients, a 53-year-old woman with breast cancer and a 77-year-old man with prostate cancer, could not walk after being injured in a fall. They used bone-modifying agents (BMA) for the prevention of bone metastasis for three and four years, respectively.Results: Intramedullary nails were placed to fix the femoral fractures in each patient. Neither of them had pathological metastatic femoral fractures based on fracture site specimens; however, severe suppression of bone turnover at the fracture site was suspected. Both patients could ambulate with a T-cane and were free of hip pain after surgery. Radiographs showed no callus formation at the fracture site.Conclusion: Based on the two cases of AFF in patients with cancer related to BMA use, we should consider that the incidence of AFF may be associated with long-term BMA use.

Fratura de fêmur nos idosos: tempo de espera cirúrgica e desfecho da hospitalização / Fractura de fémur en personas mayores: tiempo de espera quirúrgica y desenlace de la hospitalización / Femoral fracture in the elderly: surgery waiting time and hospitalization outcome

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o tempo de espera para correção de fratura de fêmur, seus fatores associados e o desfecho de hospitalização. Método: Transversal exploratório, com a população de idosos ≥60 anos internados por fratura de fêmur no período de 2015 a 2017. Os dados foram coletados através do prontuário físico, com análises estatísticas considerando o nível de significância estatística de p<0,05. Resultados: Dos idosos estudados, 61,4% correspondem ao sexo feminino. Aqueles que permaneceram por mais do que sete dias à espera de cirurgia se associaram ao tempo de hospitalização maior do que 10 dias, lesão por pressão (p<0,001) e ao desfecho óbito (p=0,003). A média de permanência hospitalar foi de 13,8 dias e do tempo esperado pela cirurgia de 6,6 dias. A espera da realização do risco cirúrgico e vaga em unidade de terapia intensiva foram fatores que provocaram atraso na realização da cirurgia em 23,2% dos idosos. Conclusão: Esperar pela cirurgia por mais de sete dias aumentou o tempo de permanência hospitalar e a taxa de mortalidade. Além disso, a ausência de vaga de terapia intensiva e a espera pelo risco cirúrgico contribuíram para o atraso da cirurgia e seu desfecho.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el tiempo de espera para la corrección de fractura de fémur, sus factores asociados y el resultado de hospitalización. Método: transversal exploratorio, con la población de personas mayores ≥60 años internados por fractura de fémur en el período de 2015 a 2017. Los datos fueron recolectados a través del registro médico, con análisis estadísticos considerando el nivel de significancia estadística de p<0,05. Resultados: de los ancianos estudiados, 61,4% eran del sexo femenino. Aquellos que pasaron más de siete días a la espera de cirugía se asociaron al tiempo de hospitalización mayor que 10 días, lesión por presión (p<0,001) como desenlace el óbito (p=0,003). El promedio de permanencia hospitalaria fue de 13,8 días yel tiempo esperado por la cirugía de 6,6 días. La espera por la realización del riesgo quirúrgico y una cama en unidad de cuidados intensivos fueron factores que provocaron el retraso en la realización de la cirugía en 23,2% de los ancianos. Conclusión: esperar por la cirugía por más de siete días aumentó el tiempo de permanencia hospitalaria y la tasa de mortalidad. Además, la falta de camas en cuidados intensivos la espera por el riesgo quirúrgico contribuyeron para el retraso de la cirugía y su desenlace.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the waiting time for femoral fracture repair, its associated factors, and the outcome of hospitalization. Method: This is a cross-sectional exploratory study involving an elderly population aged ≥60 years old and admitted to hospital for femoral fracture from 2015 to 2017. Data were collected from physical medical records, with statistical analyses considering p < 0.05 as the level of statistical significance. Results: Of the studied elderly patients, 61.4% are female. Those who stayed for more than seven days waiting for surgery showed association with a hospital stay longer than 10 days, pressure injuries (p<0.001), and death as outcome (p=0.003). The average hospital stay was 13.8 days, and the expected time until surgery was 6.6 days. Waiting for the surgical risk assessment and waiting for a vacancy in the intensive care unit were factors that caused delay in the surgery among 23.2% of the elderly. Conclusion: Waiting for surgery for more than seven days increased the length of hospital stay and the mortality rate. In addition, the absence of intensive care unit beds and waiting for the surgical risk assessment contributed to the delay in the surgery and its outcome.

New generation nail vs. plate in the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric femoral fracture / Pregos de nova geração contra a placa no tratamento de fraturas de fêmur intertrocantéricas instáveis

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare antirotator proximal femoral nail (A-PFN) with antirotator dynamic hip screw (A-DHS). Methods: Fourteen proximal femur models with type 31/A2 fracture, according to the AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification, were separated into two groups. Group 1 bones (n = 7) were fixed with A-PFN and Group 2 (n = 7) with A-DHS. A 5 mm/min axial load was applied to femur heads using a testing device. Results: Two of the seven models in the A-PFN group fractured at the proximal, and the other five at distal locking screw level. All models in the A-DHS group fractured at the tightened distal screw region. The median fracture load for the A-PFN group was 132.1 N (97.1-173.69 N range), and for the A-DHS group it was 81.7 N (75.15-89.12 N range). Conclusion: A-PFN-treated unstable intertrochanteric fractured models resisted to higher levels of axial load than the A-DHS-treated group, with statistically significant difference. However, clinical studies are required to support these results. Level of Evidence V, Biomechanical study.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a haste do fêmur anti-rotador (A-PFN) com o parafuso dinâmico do quadril anti-rotador (A-DHS). Métodos: Este estudo envolveu dois grupos de quatorze modelos de fêmur proximal, tipo fratura 31/A2, de acordo com a classificação The AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA). Os ossos do grupo 1 (n = 7) foram fixados com A-PFN, enquanto o grupo 2 (n = 7) foi fixado com A-DHS. Um dispositivo de teste foi utilizado para aplicar força axial de 5 mm/min nas cabeças do fêmur. Resultados: Dos sete modelos do grupo A-PFN, dois foram rompidos na proximal e o restante no nível do parafuso de travamento distal. Todos os modelos no grupo A-DHS foram quebrados a partir da região do parafuso distal apertado. Os modelos ósseos no grupo A-PFN foram quebrados a uma força mediana de 132,1 N (variação de 97,1-173,69 N). No grupo A-DHS, a força de fratura dos modelos ósseos foi mediana de 81,7 N (variação de 75,15-89,12 N). Conclusão: Neste estudo, modelos ósseos fraturados intertrocantéricos instáveis tratados com A-PFN foram resistentes a um nível mais alto de forças de pressão axial, em contraste com o grupo tratado com A-DHS, e a diferença foi estatisticamente significativa. No entanto, há uma necessidade de estudos clínicos para apoiar esses resultados. Nível de Evidência V, Estudo biomecânico.

Necrosis avascular: complicación en un paciente joven / Avascular Necrosis: Complication in a Young Patient

Resumen: La presentación de una fractura de fémur proximal es totalmente diferente en pacientes jóvenes que en pacientes adultos. A diferencia de la fractura cerrada de fémur proximal, la incidencia de fracturas expuestas se encuentra en la población joven de entre 15 y 30 años de edad. Dentro de las complicaciones que podemos observar en estas fracturas se encuentra la osteonecrosis avascular (NAV) de la cabeza femoral, la cual se define como la interrupción del aporte sanguíneo a la cabeza femoral, ya sea por trauma, infección, alcoholismo o uso de esteroides, ocasionando necrosis ósea, colapso articular y osteoartrosis. El tratamiento dependerá de la presentación del caso, la edad del paciente y el tiempo en hacer el diagnostico. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 16 años de edad el cual ingresa al servicio de urgencias con diagnóstico de herida por arma de fuego a nivel de cadera izquierda. Se realiza lavado quirúrgico y reducción cerrada más fijación interna con clavo centro medular. Se da un seguimiento clínico y radiográfico por 3 años observando la evolución de la fractura y la subsecuente necrosis avascular que presenta el paciente.

Abstract: The clinical presentation of a proximal femoral fracture is completely different between young and adult patients. Unlike closed proximal femoral fractures, the incidence of exposed fractures is found in the young population between 15 and 30 years of age. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is one the complications we can find in this type of fractures. Avascular necrosis (AVN or osteonecrosis) is defined as the interruption of blood supply to the femoral head due to trauma, infection, alcohol or steroid use, resulting in bone necrosis, joint collapse and osteoarthrosis. The treatment will depend on the clinical presentation, age of the patient and when the diagnosis is made. This is a case report of a 16-year-old patient with a gunshot wound on the hip. Surgical cleansing and closed reduction plus internal fixation with a nail in the center of the spine were performed. A 3-year clinical and radiographic follow up was made, observing the evolution of the fracture and the subsequent avascular necrosis that the patient presented.

Application of "diamond concept" in treatment of femoral shaft fractures nonunion after intramedullary fixation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of the treatment under the guidance of "diamond concept" for femoral shaft fractures nonunion after intramedullary fixation. Methods: Between January 2014 and December 2016, 21 cases of femoral shaft fractures nonunion after intramedullary fixation were treated with auxiliary plate fixation combined with autogenous iliac graft, and autologous bone marrow concentrate and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel under the guidance of the "diamond concept". There were 13 males and 8 females, with an average age of 32.5 years (range, 17-48 years). All fractures were closed femoral shaft fractures. Four patients underwent internal fixation with plate and resulted in nonunion, then they were fixed with intramedullary nails, but did not heal either. The rest 17 patients were fixed with intramedullary nailing. Fracture nonunion classification: 4 cases of hypertrophic nonunion, 17 cases of atrophic nonunion; the length of bone defect was 1-3 mm; the duration from the last treatment to the current treatment was 10-23 months (mean, 14.3 months). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, the time between operation and full loading, fracture healing time, and complications were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score and the imaging system of fracture healing of the extremities (RUST) of patients before operation and at last follow-up were recorded to evaluate the fracture healing; the function of the affected limb was evaluated according to the Schatzker-Lambert efficacy score standard at last follow-up. Results: The operation time was 105-160 minutes, with an average of 125.6 minutes; the intraoperative blood loss was 160-580 mL, with an average of 370.5 mL. All incisions healed by first intention, without vascular or nerve injury. All patients were followed up 22-46 months (mean, 26.5 months). All the fractures healed, with a fracture healing time of 3-7 months (mean, 4.8 months). During the follow-up, there was no infection, loosening, implant breakage, re-fracture, and other complications. The VAS score at last follow-up was 0.8±0.3, showing significant difference ( t=7.235, P=0.000) when compared with preoperative score (5.2±3.7); the RUST score was 3.4±0.3, which was significantly higher than the preoperative score (1.5±0.7) ( t=8.336, P=0.000). According to the Schatzker-Lambert effectiveness evaluation standard, the limb function was excellent in 16 cases, good in 4 cases, fair in 1 case, and the excellent and good rate was 95.42%. Conclusion: Nonunion after intramedullary fixation of femoral fracture treated with auxiliary plate combined with autogenous iliac graft, autogenous bone marrow concentration and PRP gel in accordance with the "diamond concept" can not only restore the stability of the fracture ends, but also improves the biological environment of the fracture site, and can improve the rate of fracture healing.

Bone cement augmented proximal femoral nail antirotation for type a3.3 intertrochanteric femoral fractures in elderly: A finite element analysis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis and fracture type are two important reasons for the failure of internal fixation of proximal femoral nail antirotation. Type AO31-A3.3 intertrochanteric fracture, because of its involvement in the lateral wall, greatly increased the instability of the fracture. In addition, the elderly are mostly osteoporosis patients, so failure and postoperative complications of internal fixation of proximal femoral nail antirotation in the elderly with type AO31-A3.3 intertrochanteric fracture are higher. OBJECTIVE: To explore the difference of biomechanics between bone cement augmented and common proximal femoral nail antirotation in the treatment of type AO31-A3.3 intertrochanteric fracture. METHODS: CT data of one 75-year-old volunteer with intertrochanteric fracture were selected to import into Mimics 19.0 and Geomagic studio 2017 software to extract and optimize the three-dimensional model of the right femur. SolidWorks 2017 software was used to draw the internal fixation model and assemble it with the femur model according to the standard operation technology. The model was imported into Hypermesh 14.0 software to cut the bone to obtain the type AO31-A3.3 model with common proximal femoral nail antirotation. The cancellous bone around the proximal end of the screw blade was redefined as bone cement, which is the model of bone cement augmented proximal femoral nail antirotation. The material property parameters, boundary conditions and applied loads were set up and stored as K files respectively and imported into LS-DYNA software for solution. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the common proximal femoral nail antirotation, the treatment of the elderly type AO31-A3.3 intertrochanteric fracture with the bone cement augmented proximal femoral nail antirotation has the advantages of lighter cutting degree of the screw blade, smaller varus, rotation angle and displacement of the femoral head and neck bone block, and better biomechanical effect. (2) The complete lateral wall can effectively support the femoral head and neck bone block and resist the skull and neck bone block as the lateral action point of three-point support. The pronation and rotation tendency can effectively prevent the head and neck screws from withdrawing. (3) The strong anchoring force of bone cement can stabilize the screw blade, enhance the internal action point of three-point support, and conduct and disperse the pressure.

A multicenter study on the risk assessment model of fracture nonunion after intramedullary nailing operation for subtrochanteric fracture of femur / 中华骨科杂志

Objective@#To study the influencing factors of fracture nonunion after intramedullary nailing for subtrochanteric fracture and construct a risk assessment model.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 251 patients with intramedullary nail fractures of the femoral subtrochanteric fracture from February 2006 to January 2018. According to the different treatment time, the 251 patients included in this study were divided into the modeling group and the verification group. In the modeling group, postoperative fracture nonunion rate, general data, fracture related factors, surgical reduction related factors, mechanical and biological factors were calculated, and the influencing factors of fracture nonunion were screened by univariate analysis. Indicators with statistical differences in univariate analysis were analyzed using Logistic regression model for multivariate analysis to build the risk assessment model. The influencing factors were re-evaluated through the verification group, and the differentiation and calibration of the model were evaluated.@*Results@#Fracture nonunion occurred in 34 of 149 patients in the modeling group. Among the 13 potential influencing factors, univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis showed that postoperative hip varus, intramedullary nail fixation failure and complete open reduction were the risk factors of fracture nonunion. Postoperative reduction of medial cortex was a protective factor for fracture nonunion, and a regression equation was established. Based on the logistic regression model, the Nomogram diagram was drawn. In the verification group, fracture nonunion occurred in 24 of 149 patients. The area under the ROC curve was AUC=0.883>0.7, indicating that there was a moderate differentiation to evaluate the occurrence of fracture nonunion after operation. The goodness of fit test: the H-L test (χ2=2.921, P=0.712) showed that the model had a good calibration.@*Conclusion@#The risk factors of fracture nonunion were hip varus, failure of intramedullary nail fixation and complete open reduction after intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric fracture, and postoperative reduction of medial cortex was the protective factor. The risk assessment model has moderate differentiation and good calibration, which can provide reference for the risk assessment of fracture nonunion after subtrochanteric fracture operation.

A multicenter study on the risk assessment model of fracture nonunion after intramedullary nailing operation for subtrochanteric fracture of femur / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To study the influencing factors of fracture nonunion after intramedullary nailing for subtrochanteric fracture and construct a risk assessment model.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 251 patients with intramedullary nail fractures of the femoral subtrochanteric fracture from February 2006 to January 2018.According to the different treatment time,the 251 patients included in this study were divided into the modeling group and the verification group.In the modeling group,postoperative fracture nonunion rate,general data,fracture related factors,surgical reduction related factors,mechanical and biological factors were calculated,and the influencing factors of fracture nonunion were screened by univariate analysis.Indicators with statistical differences in univariate analysis were analyzed using Logistic regression model for multivariate analysis to build the risk assessment model.The influencing factors were re-evaluated through the verification group,and the differentiation and calibration of the model were evaluated.Results Fracture nonunion occurred in 34 of 149 patients in the modeling group.Among the 13 potential influencing factors,univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis showed that postoperative hip varus,intramedullary nail fixation failure and complete open reduction were the risk factors of fracture nonunion.Postoperative reduction of medial cortex was a protective factor for fracture nonunion,and a regression equation was established.Based on the logistic regression model,the Nomogram diagram was drawn.In the verification group,fracture nonunion occurred in 24 of 149 patients.The area under the ROC curve was AUC=0.883 ＞ 0.7,indicating that there was a moderate differentiation to evaluate the occurrence of fracture nonunion after operation.The goodness of fit test:the H-L test (x2=2.921,P=0.712) showed that the model had a good calibration.Conclusion The risk factors of fracture nonunion were hip varus,failure of intramedullary nail fixation and complete open reduction after intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric fracture,and postoperative reduction of medial cortex was the protective factor.The risk assessment model has moderate differentiation and good calibration,which can provide reference for the risk assessment of fracture nonunion after subtrochanteric fracture operation.

Antegrade x retrograde nailing in femoral fractures: a study on consolidation and infection / Haste anterógrada x retrógrada em fraturas femorais: um estudo sobre consolidação e infecção

ABSTRACT Objective: Osteosynthesis with intramedullary nailing is considered the method of choice to treat diaphyseal femur fractures in adults. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the bone healing time and incidence of infection in patients with diaphyseal femur fractures treated surgically with retrograde and antegrade intramedullary nailing. Methods: The medical records of 123 patients from two university hospitals dated 2011-2013 were evaluated, with 126 diaphyseal femur fractures having been found. The most frequent treatment was antegrade intramedullary nailing (51%), of which 38% involved reaming (n=25). Results: We found evidence of 92% healed fractures at 12 months postoperatively. Complications included chronic osteomyelitis in one patient and femoral neck fracture in another patient, both after reamed antegrade nailing. Pyoarthritis of the knee associated with osteomyelitis affected two patients after reamed retrograde nailing and one patient after unreamed retrograde nailing. Conclusion: We did not observe a significant difference in bone healing rates with the use of reamed or unreamed antegrade or retrograde nailing. Complications included the presence of infection with an incidence similar to that reported in the literature, and of particular significance, unrelated to the type of approach. Level of evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO Objetivo: A osteossíntese com haste intramedular é considerada o método de escolha para tratamento das fraturas diafisárias do fêmur em adultos. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi avaliar o tempo até a consolidação e a incidência de infecção em pacientes com fratura diafisária do fêmur, operados com haste intramedular retrógrada e anterógrada. Métodos: Foram avaliados os prontuários de 123 pacientes de dois hospitais universitários entre os anos de 2011 e 2013, tendo sido encontradas 126 fraturas diafisárias do fêmur. O tratamento mais frequente foi com haste intramedular anterógrada (51%), das quais 38% (n=25) eram fresadas. Resultados: Com 12 meses de pós-operatório, evidenciamos 92% de consolidação. Entre as complicações, observamos um paciente com osteomielite crônica e um com fratura do colo do fêmur, ambos submetidos à haste intramedular anterógrada fresada e pioartrite do joelho, associada à osteomielite em dois pacientes submetidos à haste intramedular retrógrada fresada e em um paciente após a utilização de haste intramedular retrógrada não fresada. Conclusão: Não observamos diferença significativa entre a taxa de consolidação com o emprego das hastes retrógradas e anterógradas, fresadas ou não fresadas. Dentre as complicações, observamos a presença de infecção em incidência similar à da literatura e particularmente sem relação com a via de acesso escolhida. Nível de evidência III, estudo retrospectivo comparativo.